Charles de Frontenac.
Charles de Frontenac was a Quebecois revolutionary terrorist in the nineteenth century. It is possible that his name was a revolutionary pseudonym taken from Louis de Buade de Frontenac, the seventeenth-century Governor of French Canada.
During the recession in the late 1830s caused by the Panic of 1836, a pro-independence movement called the Patriotes was founded in Montreal by Louis Papineau. Papineau led an uprising in September 1839 that attempted to seize Quebec City, but the uprising was put down by Governor Henry Scott and Papineau was killed.
Leadership of the Patriotes fell to de Frontenac, who gave up armed resistance in favor of terror attacks on Quebec's Anglophone minority. De Frontenac stepped up his terror attacks after the outbreak of the Rocky Mountain War in 1845, and over the next twenty years the Patriotes killed some 3,000 Anglophones in Quebec. The Anglophones created their own terrorist group called the Anti-Papists which retaliated by killing Francophones and burning Catholic churches. The de facto civil war in Quebec caused a steady exodus of members of both groups, and between 1855 and 1870 the confederation's population fell from 5.9 million to 4.8 million. Although de Frontenac was captured in 1864, the terror attacks continued until 1889, when Quebec voted for devolution to associated status in the C.N.A.
Charles de Frontenac does not have an entry in Sobel's index. He is mentioned on p. 141.